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oL k':tsdf clÍt of]hgfdf nIo / cjwf/0ffx¿ a9L 5g\Ù ;fdflhs sf/stTjsf] cGj]if0f / ljZn]if0f sd 5 . • • •

lxhf]cfh ljsl;t d'n'sx¿df …ljsf;Ú zAb ;Lw} JolQmsf] /f]huf/L;Fu ufFl;Psf] kfOG5 . ljsf;zLn d'n'sx¿df eg] of] zAbn] clxn] klg :jf:Yo, lzIff, ;8s, ;~rf/ h:tf] ;du| cfly{s / ;fdflhs k"jf{wf/nfO{ hgfpF5 . otf cfP/ …ljsf;Ú zAb dflg;sf] …hLjg:t/Ú ;Fu a9L ufFl;g yfn]sf] kfOG5 . pbfx/0fsf nfluÙ k|ltJolQm cfDbfgLsf lx;fan] ef/tsf] k~hfj k|fGt dfly b]lvP tfklg hLjg:t/sf] lx;fan] s]/nf a9L ljsl;t dflgG5 . k|ltJolQm cfDbfgLsf] lx;fan] >LnÍf ljsl;t d'n'sx¿eGbf w]/} sdhf]/ b]lvP tfklg ;fdflhs hLjg:t/ -cf};t cfo', hg;ª\Vof j[l4, lzIff, :jf:Yo, cflb_df ljsl;t d'n'sx¿ ;/x g} cufl8 5 . xfd|f ufpF3/df sf] wgL / sf] u/La eg]/ 5'6\ofpg] tl/sf klg hLjg:t/;Fu} ufFl;Psf] 5M vfg k'Ug]÷gk'Ug], l6gsf] 5fgf jf k'm;sf] 5fgf ePsf] 3/, cflb . ;fdflhs–cfly{s ljsf;sf] s'/f ubf{ o;/L t'ngfTds ¿kn] x]g]{ Pp6f ;fdfGo k|lqmof xf] .

cfh t'ngfTds lx;fan] blIf0f Plzofsf ;ft j6f d'n'sx¿;Fu bfFHbf g]kfnsf] l:ylt bogLo 5 -x]=tflnsf_ . oxfF k|Zg p7fpg ;lsG5 s] g]kfndf ljsf;sf] k|of;} gePsf] xf] t < g]kfndf r/0fa4 ljsf;sf] k|of; …k~rjifL{o of]hgfÚ sf] gfpFdf ;g\ !(%^ b]lv z'? ePsf] xf] . clxn];Dd o:tf bz j6f of]hgf ;DkGg eO;s]sf 5g\ . …u/LaL lgjf/0fÚ gfd u/]sf aL;f}F 7]nLx¿ pknAw 5g\ . u/La, dlxnf, blnt, hghflt, ;'zf;g, e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f cflb gfpFdf g]kfndf x/]s jif{ ;of}F uf]i7L, ;ef, ;Dd]ng, 5nkmn rNb} cfPsf 5g\ . t/ g]kfnLx¿sf] ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s l:ylt ;'lw|g'sf] ;§f b]zsf] zflGt tyf ;'/Iffsf] l:ylt ;d]t vNalnPsf] 5 . ;+If]kdf eGg'kbf{Ù g]kfnLx¿sf] ljsf;sf nflu agfOPsf ljleGg of]hgfx¿n] g]kfnLsf] ljsf; ug{ ;s]sf 5}gg\ . /Ù oxL kl/kf6LnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbO/xg] xf] eg] ltgsf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s l:ylt c‰} lau|g] ;Defjgf 5 .

oxL k[i7e"lddf xfn;fn} k|sflzt g]kfnsf] ljsf; / of]hgf;DaGwL rf/ j6f k':ts cyjf b:tfj]hdfly oxfF 5f]6f] rrf{ ug{ vf]lhPsf] 5 . tL k':ts jf k|ltj]bgx¿ x'g\M -s_ ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIox¿ -ldn]lgod 8]enkd]G6 uf]N;_– >L % sf] ;/sf/ / ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3, @))@Ù v_ g]kfn dfgj ljsf; k|ltj]bg @))!M u/LaL Go"gLs/0f / zf;g– ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3 ljsf; sfo{qmd, @))@Ù u_ g]kfn ;xof]u /0fgLltx¿ -g]kfn sG6«L Pl;:6]G; :6«f6]hL– ljZj AofÍ–@))$_ / 3_ g]kfnsf nflu lbuf] ljsf;sf] Ph]08f– >L % sf] ;/sf/ /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u / hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f dGqfno, @))$ .

oL rf/} j6f k':tsx¿ g]kfnsf] ljsf; s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] …df]8nÚ sf] ¿kdf k|:t't ePsf 5g\ / bft[ ;+:yfsf] ;xof]udf 5flkPsf x'g\ . oL k':tsn] g]kfnsf] u/LaL lgjf/0f ;DaGwL /0fgLltx¿ / g]kfnsf] bL3{sfnLg ljsf;sf nflu s] s:tf ;fdflhs, cfly{s lqmofsnfkx¿ cufl8 a9fpg ;lsG5 eGg] ;'‰fjx¿ lbPsf 5g\ .

g]kfndf cfh;Dd ePsf] ljsf;nfO{ cufl8 /fv]/ tof/ kfl/Psf] æ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIox¿Æ k':tsdf * j6f d'Vo nIox¿ ls6fg u/L tL nIo ;g\ @)!% ;Dd s;/L xfl;n ug]{ eGg] pkfox¿ ;'‰fOPsf 5g\ . o;sf] k|yd nIo æu/LaL / ef]sd/Lsf] pGd"ngÆ xf] . g]kfn dfgj ljsf; k|ltj]bg, @))! rflxF …u/LaL pGd"ngÚ gegL æu/LaL Go"gLs/0fÆ s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] ljifodf s]lGb|t 5 . g]kfn ;xof]u /0fgLlt n] rf/a'Fb] cfly{s ljsf;sf 9fFrf cl3 ;f/]/ u/LaL lgjf/0f ug]{ sfo{qmdx¿ k|:t't u/]sf] 5 . To:t} lbuf] ljsf;sf Ph]08fsf] v08 ^ df cfly{s j[l4 tyf u/LaL Go"gLs/0f ;DaGwL ljleGg gLltx¿sf] ;f/;+If]k k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

d'Vo s'/f, oL s'g} klg k':tsdf u/LaLsf] sf/s tTj kQf nufpg] sf]lzz ul/Psf] 5}g . ;fy}Ù u/La sf] x'g\ < pgLx¿sf] cg'xf/ s:tf] x'G5 < tL s'g 7fpFdf a:5g\ < o:tf k|Zgx¿sf] logdf s'g} rrf{ 5}g . !(%) sf] bzsb]lv u/LaL lgjf/0fsf nflu s:tf of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng eP, slt /sd nufgL eof] / oL sfo{qmdaf6 slt u/Lax¿nfO{ kmfObf eof] eGg] klg pNn]v 5}g . o:tf cw"/f / k|lta4tfljxLg /0fgLlt / sfo{qmdx¿ lsg agfOG5g\ eGg] k|Zg hf] sf]xLsf] dgdf p7\g ;S5 . d]/f] ;f]rfOdf cGo y'k|} hfoh sf/0fx¿sf cltl/Qm Pp6f yk sf/0f, olb ;a} …u/LaL lgjf/0fÚ sfo{qmdx¿ ;fFlRr g} /fd|f];Fu ;~rfng eP/ u/LaL 36\b} uPdf tL u/Lasf] gfpFdf cfk"mnfO{ …wgLÚ agfpg] xfdL h:tfx¿n] s] vfg] lg eGg] k|ltk|Zg g} pQm k|Zgsf] Pp6f hjfkm x'g;S5 . x'g klgÙ cfh u/Lasf] gfddf xhf/f}+ :yfgLo / cGt/f{li6«o u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿n] sfd kfPsf 5g\ / >L % sf] ;/sf/sf nflu …u/LaLÚ Pp6f /fd|f] dfUg] efF8f] ePsf] 5 . u/LaL lgjf/0fsf gfddf bft[ ;+:yfx¿;Fu k};f dfu]/ >L % sf] ;/sf/n] ljleGg zLif{sdf vr{ ug]{ u/]sf] 5 -pbfx/0fsf nflu k|x/L / ;}lgs vr{df j[l4_ . To;}n]Ù xfd|f] u/LaL lgjf/0fsf s'g} klg sfo{qmd lglZrt nIo tfs]/ jf vf; ;d"xdf k'Ug] u/L agfOg] ul/Fb}g . u/LaL lgjf/0fsf k|foM k':tsx¿ u/LaL ;DaGwdf af;L tYofÍ / ;'‰fjn] el/Psf x'G5g\ . Pp6f 3/sf] …cfDbfgL / vr{Ú sf] ljj/0f /fd|f];Fu k|:t't ug{ sl7g x'g] g]kfnh:tf] d'n'sdf sdhf]/ tYofÍsf e/df u/LaL pGd"ng jf u/LaL Go"gLs/0f ug]{ /0fgLlt agfpg' cfkm}Fdf xf:ofkb k|of; xf] .

g]kfn Pp6f ax';f+:s[lts, ax'eflifs d'n's xf] eGg] hfGbfhfGb} klg g]kfnsf ax';ª\Vos cy{–of]hgfljb\x¿ o:tf s'/f a'´g vf]Hb}gg\ . pgLx¿ g]kfnnfO{ hlxn] klg Pp6f ;f‰f ;+:s[lt ePsf] d'n'ssf ¿kdf k|:t't u/L u/LaL lgjf/0fsf s'/f u5{g\ . g]kfnsf ;a} of]hgf lgdf{0fdf cfFs8f v]nfpg dfq l;kfn' To:t} of]hgf–cy{ljb\x¿sf] lalUauL 5 . To;}n] ltgsf u/LaL 36fpg] of]hgfdf 7"N7"nf zAbhfn dfq} e]l6G5 . h:tf] æ7"nf] kl/lwnfO{ ;d]6]/ ug]{ cfly{s j[l4Ú, …;fdflhs If]qsf] ljsf;Ú, …;f];n OGSn';gÚÙ …u/LaL lgjf/0fsf nflu ljs]Gb|L–s/0fsf] k|lqmof cufl8 a9fpg]Ú, …kf/blz{tf a9fpg]Ú cflb . dfgj ljsf; k|ltj]bgsf] …u/LaL lj?4sf] n8fOFÚsf] ljj/0fdf klg ;Lldt tYofÍx¿ dfq k|:t't 5g\ . u/LaL lj?4sf gLltut sfo{qmd ;kmn gx'g'df g]kfnL ;+:s[lt a'´g g;Sg' eGg] af/]df Psbd} sd k|sfz kfl/Psf] 5 .

oL rf/ j6} k':tssf] ;f‰f p2]ZoÙ ;g\ @)!% ;Dd g]kfnsf ;Dk"0f{ afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ k|fylds tx -sIff %_ ;Ddsf] lzIff k'¥ofpg] /x]sf] 5 . t/ h'g d'n'ssf] k|hgg b/ k|lt dlxnf $=! 5, *%Ü hgtf ufpFdf a:5g\ / ‰08} $$Ü hlt u/LaLsf] /]vfd'lg 5g\Ù To:tf hgtfsf nflu k|fylds lzIff k'¥ofpg' cfkm}Fdf Pp6f 7"nf] r'gf}lt xf] . Pp6f tYofÍ cg';f/ sIff ! af6 sIff % ;Dd k'Ubf ‰08} $% k|ltzt afnaRrfx¿ clxn] klg :s"n 5f]8\g afWo 5g\ . tL aRrfx¿sf] kl/jf/sf] cfly{s–;fdflhs afWotf gklxNofO{, To;sf] ;dfwfg gvf]hL of] nIo s;/L k|fKt x'g;S5 <

pbfx/0fsf nfluÙ t/fO{df a;f]af; ug]{ d';x/ hflt -s'n ;ª\Vof !&@,$#$_ sf] ;fIf/tf b/ &=# k|ltzt dfq -;g\ @))!_ 5 . of] hfltsf clwsf+z dflg;;Fu g cfˆgf] 3/ 5 g hUuf g} . o:tf] cfly{s x}l;ot ePsf d';x/ / tL h:t} 8'd, kTys§f, rdf/, b'iffb cflb ;d'bfosf afnaflnsfsf] z}lIfs:t/ kfFrf}F sIff;Dd s;/L k'¥ofpg] < ;g\ @)!% ;Dd ;a}nfO{ k|fylds lzIff k'¥ofpg] dxTjfsf+IfL nIo ;lxtsf] of]hgf agfpFbf d'n'ssf] o:tf] w/ftnLo oyfy{nfO{ k6Ss} Wofgdf /flvPsf] kfOFb}g . kl/0ffdtM km]l/ klg hgtfnfO{ 9fF6\g] sfd ePsf] 5 .

o:t} lzIff / dlxnf ;zlQms/0f ;a} k':tssf] rf;f]sf] ljifo xf] . t/ g]kfnsf] t/fO{sf w]/} lxGb" dlxnfx¿ bfOhf] k|yfsf sf/0fn] cfkm"nfO{ Go"g z}lIfs:t/df /fVg afWo 5g\ . t/fO{df a:g] Pp6L lxGb" s]6L hlt a9L k9\5] p;sf] ljjfxsf nflu plQ g} /fd|f] jf pmeGbf a9L z}lIfs :t/sf] s]6f vf]Hg'k5{ . 5f]/Lsf] ljjfxsf nflu a9L k9]sf] s]6f vf]Hg' eg]sf] Tof] s]6fsf] bfOhf]sf] d"No a9L tf]Sg' xf] . t/fO{sf w]/} lxGb" hfltx¿df 5f]/LnfO{ dflysf] sIff;Dd k9fpg] rfxgf gx'g'sf] Pp6f d'Vo sf/0f oxL g} xf] . To;}n] z}lIfs nIo xfl;n ug{ o:tf ;fdflhs–cfly{s / ;f+:s[lts oyfy{x¿nfO{ Wofgdf /fVg'' clgjfo{ x'G5 .

;'zf;g / dfgj ljsf;sf] ;Lwf ;DaGw 5 . o; s'/fnfO{ dfgj ljsf; k|ltj]bg @))! n] /fd|f];Fu ;d]6]sf] 5 . t/ …;'zf;gÚ x'g g;Sg'sf sf/s tTjx¿af/] To;df s'g} ljZn]if0f 5}g . g]kfndf …;'zf;gÚ sfod x'g g;Sg'sf] k|d'v sf/0f gftfjfb, s[kfjfb / x/]s If]qdf …cfˆgf] dfG5]Ú /xg' xf] . g]kfnL ;dfh P]ltxfl;s qmdb]lv g} Pp6f juL{s[t ;fdflhs ;+/rgfsf] 9fFrf (Stratified Social Structure) sf] ¿kdf /xFb} cfPsf] 5 . 7"nf] dfG5]÷;fgf] dfG5], lgDg÷pRr eGg] h:tf lje]b oxfF ljBdfg 5g\ . oL s'/fx¿nfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ dfq ;'zf;g, ljs]Gb|Ls/0f, e|i6frf/ cflb ;d:ofsf] h/f] / ltgsf] ;dfwfg klxNofpg ;Dej x'G5 . o; k':tssf] k|d'v sdhf]/LÙ hgkl/rfngsf s]xL ;kmn syfx¿ sf]i7leq /fv]/ g]kfndf kl/jt{g / ljsf; x'Fb}5 eGg] b]vfpg vf]Hg' xf] . hgkl/rfngsf c;kmntfsf syfx¿ g]kfndf xhf/f}F 5g\ eGg] tYo k"/} e'Ng vf]lhPsf] 5 . ;kmn÷c;kmn syfx¿ ;dli6ut ¿kdf JofVof u/]/ dfq} g]kfndf s'g s'/fsf] slt ljsf; eof] eGg] a'´g ;lsG5 . g]kfnsf nflu lbuf] ljsf;sf] Ph]08f n] lxhf] g]kfnsf ;Dk"0f{ of]hgfx¿ lsg lbuf] x'g ;s]gg\ eGg] rrf{ g} gu/L k'/fg} cfFs8f / ts{x¿nfO{ gofF zAb / z}nLdf bf]xf]¥ofPsf] 5 .

;du|df, oL k':tsdf clÍt of]hgfdf nIo / cjwf/0ffx¿ a9L 5g\Ù ;fdflhs sf/stTjsf] cGj]if0f / ljZn]if0f sd 5 . k'/fgf tYofÍx¿nfO{ af/Daf/ k|If]k0f / ;s];Dd lSni6 efiffdf k|:t't u/L lrNnf kfgfdf 5fk]/ ;w}F ‰}F xfd|f cufl8 oL gofF of]hgfx¿ klg k|:t't ePsf 5g\ . g]kfnL hgtf ;w}F b'O{ k|sf/sf 9fF6x¿sf] kmGbfdf kb}{ cfPsf 5g\M af]n]/ 9fF6\g] / n]v]/ 9fF6\g]x¿ . oL of]hgf / /0fgLlt bf];|f] k|sf/sf] 9F6fOdf k5{g\ . oyfy{df g]kfnsf] ljsf;nfO{ d"t{ ?k lbg ;j{k|yd g]kfnL ;dfhsf] agf}6 / ;+:s[lt a'´g' clgjfo{ 5 . To;kl5 dfq ljleGg If]q, hfthflt tyf dlxnf eg]/ ls6fg u/L ljsf;sf nIo lgwf{/0f ul/g'k5{ . g]kfn h:tf] d'n'ssf nflu ljsf;sf] s'/f ubf{ …;a}nfO{ ;d]6\g] 9fFrfÚ -xf]lnl:6s Pk|f]r_ eGbf …s;nfO{ sxfF / s:tf] ljsf; ug]{Ú -6fu]{6]8 Pk|f]r_ g} a9L kmnbfoL x'G5 . xfd|f] krf; jif{sf] of]hgfa4 ljsf; k|of;sf] c;kmntfn] oxL lzIff lbPsf] 5 .

;dfhzf:qsf k|fWofks bfxfn lq=lj= cGtu{t g]kfn tyf PlzofnL cwoog s]Gb| -l;gf;_ ;Fu ;Da4 5g\ .